[534BC]

The alternator on the car without battery will fail first for your comparison. The battery will act as a buffer knocking out the peaks and valleys. The average will probably be the same for both set-ups.

The output varies according to voltage. Resistance plays a small part in the voltage , but is insignificant.

Removing battery can cause surges and can cause damage.

I'm not sure about all alts , but I think they work same as they did when they first came out on cars/trucks.

If the two alternators are identical or nearly identical then the one that works the hardest will wear out quicker.