I doubt you'd have hurt the cat with timing way off, but you definitely may have damaged the rings, bearings, and burned the valves with it fully advanced.
Rings would cause blow-by, which would put oil into the combustion chambers, causing a very inefficient burn.
The only way I've ever seen to kill a catalytic convertor is to run really rich... raw fuel will overheat it, and could cause it to catch fire. (Catalyst heats up when in contact with hydrocarbons, which allows it to separate the molecules to create inert gasses.)
Other than burning oil, I can't think of anything else that would make your NOX that high... unless running advanced killed your plugs.. which is entirely possible, they could have glazed over... you should check that, and do a full tune up, including dry compression test to check for compression loss.