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the "anatomy" of a japanese car is essentially the same as the "anatomy of an american car. (minus the cylinders of course)
A motor is a motor. They all function basically the same. (Put aside rotaries)
I'd like to answer all your questions, but you're throwing out too much at one time. Try asking one question at a time; and we'll try our best to answer. Try to be as specific as possible.
Anyway, here's my shot at it (everyone feel free to correct me if i'm wrong)
There's three basic things that get the engine running: Air-Fuel-Spark
In a naturally aspirated vehicle (non turbo/non supercharged) - Air will be sucked in through the intake->pass through the throttle body (we can explain this later on, i'm trying to make this as basic as possible) -> goes into the intake manifold -> and is combined with fuel (through fuel injectors/carbeurators, again, can be explained later on) -> and ignited by spark (spark plugs) -> the energy from the ignition will move the piston back down -> exhaust gases will exit the motor -> through the header/headers-> through the catalytic converter (won't apply to most older vehicles) - > and all the way back through the exhaust.
So when people refer to "cat-backs" they're referring to the exhaust piping from the catalytic converter, all the way back.
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