lighter audi

what could you do to make an A4 lighter and the A4 is 3200lb is that really all that heavy thats lighter than the EVO8, the A4s only a tad heavyer than the NSX and mustang, also its lighter than the G35, XKR, SC430 and the is300, Sentra and it weighs about the same as a maxima. Their are more sports cars to that are heavyer like the saab 9-3 so is it fair to call it heavy?

The easiest way for you to compare weights is to locate an article on the car in question, or check the factory weights in Gran Turismo 3. Those are accurate, too. Though they're in kilos. I don't have either in gront of me, so I have to go off of an educated guess which tells me an EVO is near 2800lbs.

As for weight reduction, stripping the interior, careful selection of parts (chrome 20in wheels tend to be heavier than one piece Enkeis), removing unnecessary devices (ac compressors, heater hoses and heater blowers) and either removing the bodywork under bracing, or replacing steel bodywork with carbon fiber, or lightweight fiberglass (not all fiberglass is light weight) should drop pounds quickly. It all depends on how hardcore you are.

The A4 is not too heavy, and there are lot's of good parts available. Use a dry cell battery, get a fiberglass hood, take out the spare tire and jack... If you want to go further, you can strip the interior, but then it get's kind of ricey. There is a point where function is comprimised like air conditioning...

Where do you live? I assume you're in North America, because most posters here are... In Europe they get the S3, which is Volkswagen Golf based... very light, very nimble.

Something VW/Audi is holding out on is 4motion Golfs. The AWD 1.8T Golf is a rocket, with near limitless tuning potential.

well hopefully we will get the chance to own the new r32 which is a 4motion golf and alot more but the a4 from what ive heard doesnt seem too heavy.

-GTi-VR6_A3

The A4 is not too heavy, and there are lot's of good parts available. Use a dry cell battery, get a fiberglass hood, take out the spare tire and jack... If you want to go further, you can strip the interior, but then it get's kind of ricey. There is a point where function is comprimised like air conditioning...

3200lbs. is heavy, no question.

Stripping the interior is not ricey, since it takes a serious commitment to going faster. Ricey is when you're hopping up your car with shit that does nothing but slow you down or just look tacky. In fact, I'd say that stripping the interior is a main element that separates ricers from the hardcore.

There is indeed a point where function is compromised. Like air conditioning. When it's installed in a car, the car's performance function is compromised.

Most people will never understand the joys found below 2000lb...

Again, you're seriously comprimising it as driver then, because it will be noisier and colder too. While stripping out an interior(including sound dampering) is something all race cars have done, it's often done by ricers, to emulate the whole "race" image...

It's much better to go to lightweight components instead, and still have air conditioning and leather seat :D

There's another good area to trim weight, a good set of fixed seats. This will save as much as 100lbs in some cars.

Custom door skins, really easy to do if you're handy with an exacto knife... full door skins can weigh as much as 25 lbs each.. customs that weigh 3 will save 40 lbs.

Good wheels and tires will save a bundle. A really good forged wheel weighs about 15 lbs for a 17x8, which is pretty much the perfect size for an A4.

I'm sure you could find 300lbs of weight there, without having to strip your interior or lose the air conditioning. You could probably also get fiberglass S4 body parts, and drop another 300lbs there, maybe even more.

ya I live in CT so I would not strip the interior but light weight fiberglass S4 parts sounds like a good idea. Explain the door skins thing to me more i dont under really stand what your talking about?

I mean the inside door panels, like where the interior door handle is.

The S4 widebody panels should be available. Audi/Porsche always make fairly thick metal panels, so there's of weight there. A 2800 lb 350hp AWD A4 shouldn't be too hard.

3200lbs is not heavy.

my Nova(s) weigh in at about 3100lbs.

RACER D12: you mentioned your car weighs more than a Mustang? 02 GT weighs 3241lbs. So your about the same give or take a few pounds.

On the other hand a 96 GT Mustang comes in a 3077lbs. Just to give you an idea of how a few years can make a car differ from one another.



Octagon: I ussually dont let a video game do my research;). But GT3 is pretty accurate, just the 2000 Cobra R handles like crap in that game which it shouldnt. I love my 3 C5Rs.:D

Okay, 3100lbs. is not heavy...for a Cadillac.

Anyway, back when I had the Suzuki, it weighed in at 1760lbs after weight reduction. In all my years, I have never seen a car stripped that was not at the track, but then again this is Canada, so I guess you have a point - up here, we'll only strip our cars if we're serious about it.

I've also found that lightweight components installed in cars that retain leather seats and A/C often tend to be of the stylish, impressive and imported variety. In terms of reducing overall weight, it's kinda like rearranging deck-chairs on the Titanic.

Anyway, I'd support many of the recommendations made so far tho: seats, fix-a-flat in place of the spare, dry-cell battery, hood...I'm sure you can find carbon-skin doors for Audis, too.

Of course, when the car's ready to retire to track-only duty, give me a shout and we'll get to taking some serious weight out of it.:smoker2:

I stand in defense of my resouces. For until I create a racing game, Yamauchi's masterpiece stands as the most realistic and comprehensive racing game of all time.

Anywho, I said this before. If you cant get lightweight replacement panels, or if you can't afford lightweight replacement panels, remove the stamped bracing from inside the panels. My teammate and I did that back when he was cruising a Geo Storm, shed about 200lbs off of the nose by ditching the bracing on the hood and fenders. Of course, afterwards the car rattled like crazy and at high speed the hood would flex and contort in front of you. It was cool to watch, but really troubling to experience.

Then again, that car was troubling in any case. It was bought for $500 cash, with bullet holes in the hood. We ran borrowed drop springs from an un-named manufacturer on it, 16inch wheels off of an Impulse turbo, with shaved Falken tires, welded up the exhaust ourselves as a metal shop project, complete with used header and high flow cat swiped from a junkyard C4 Corvette, welded up the strut tower braces ourselves, removed the bottom forward link on the multi-link rear suspension and replaced it with an adjustable rear bottom link to get camber adjustment as well as toe adjusment, and removed the ratchet from the handbrake. All this added up to one very twitchy and loud Geo Storm that was insanely easy to whip around corners. Winter was a BLAST in that thing. Except fo the fact that the heater had been removed. Oops. :uhoh: :angel:

Originally posted by unconvinced
Okay, 3100lbs. is not heavy...for a Cadillac.




ill have you know the 01 Cadillac Seville tips the scale at 4027lbs.

thus making 3200lbs not heavy.

:D

...for a Cadillac. Exactlyright.

Originally posted by unconvinced
...for a Cadillac. Exactlyright.


3200lbs isnt heavy, most cars weigh about that if not more.


i know you'll say imports are super light, which they are usually from 2200-2800lbs. But look at the full size sedans. 00 Maximas are 3200lbs, 01 Infiniti Q45s are 4000lbs to name a few.


so blah!:)

Sorry Redneck, 3200lbs is heavy for a performance car... if you're over 3000 lbs in a sports car, it's a serious handicap. Of course, if you've got a 6+ liter smallblock, it doesn't hurt too much. Then again, consider the same engine in a lighter car... Damn it, I'm rambling again...

will doing this stuff like using the fiberglass and things compromise safty

Yes, so the next time you see a Supra, point and laugh because it is over 3000lbs and is not a sportscar anymore!

Originally posted by R1-rider
Yes, so the next time you see a Supra, point and laugh because it is over 3000lbs and is not a sportscar anymore!


haha Yes indeed!

1995 Toyota Supra Turbo 3415 lbs
2002 Lamborghini Murcielago 3638 lbs
2001 Corvette Z06 3130 lbs
2002 Ferrari 456M 3726 lbs
2002 Porsche 911 Turbo AWD 3395 lbs
2002 Mercedes-Benz SLK32 AMG Supercharged 3220 lbs
2002 Maserati Coupe GT 3678 lbs
2002 Lotus Esprit Turbo Coupe 3043 lbs
2002 Aston Martin DB7 Vantage 3914 lbs
2002 BMW M5 4023 lbs


Yeah... I think I've proven my point.

Im sorry, maybe I was a little harsh with my facts.

What are the American, German and Italian engineers thinking when they built these tubs?

They must take lessons from Japan with they're super light cars!

Oh wait I forgot the almighty Skyline GTR is 3395lbs.

1995 Toyota Supra Turbo 3415 lbs
2002 Lamborghini Murcielago 3638 lbs
2001 Corvette Z06 3130 lbs
2002 Ferrari 456M 3726 lbs
2002 Porsche 911 Turbo AWD 3395 lbs
2002 Mercedes-Benz SLK32 AMG Supercharged 3220 lbs
2002 Maserati Coupe GT 3678 lbs
2002 Lotus Esprit Turbo Coupe 3043 lbs
2002 Aston Martin DB7 Vantage 3914 lbs
2002 BMW M5 4023 lbs
'almighty' Skyline GTR is 3395lbs

Yes, those are all very nice, very powerful Grand Touring and luxury cars. I would be happy with one of those any day, if I was married and shopping for the wife.

Anyway, I was talking about lightweight cars, like the Lotus Elise (about 1750lbs.); Toyota MR-S (about 2200); Mazda MX-5 (2200-2400lbs), and a host of cars from the past 20 years that have weighed closer to 2000lbs, including the AE86 Toyotas, Suzuki Swift GT and pre-'90's VW GTi's - all of the above being more-or-less lighweight before stripping.

Let me include a number of specialty cars including most Lotus 7 replica derivatives, and the sub-2500lb. McLaren F1 and Ferrari F40, Shogun Fiesta, Renault 5 Turbo, BMW 2002ti and Turbo, Ultima cars, et cetera.

Lighweight. Something that may have become forgotten in the SUV era.

(Imagine. Calling an Aston lightweight...what are we teaching our kids?)

Your safety question is valid, since you're replacing the sheetmetal that protects you in a collision. The unibody of the car, which absorbs the majority of the force of an impact, will be untouched. So you're as safe as you were before.

oh ok just wanted to make sure it was safe.


I was talking about lightweight cars, like the Lotus Elise (about 1750lbs.); Toyota MR-S (about 2200); Mazda MX-5 (2200-2400lbs), and a host of cars from the past 20 years that have weighed closer to 2000lbs, including the AE86 Toyotas, Suzuki Swift GT and pre-'90's VW GTi's - all of the above being more-or-less lighweight before stripping.

whats so great about having a really light car you ask me anything under 2500lbs just not safe.

"well maybe next time you should not go into how a car over 3000 pounds is not a true race car... blah blah blah"

These cars are meant to be driven daily, not just at the track, so obviously they are not gonna be shelled and stripped of anything un-neccesary. Sure the lotus elise and other cars you mentioned are nice, but besides from turning, where else do you think those cars are gonna be able to beat a car like a Vette. There are many characteristics of being a sportscar, just because maybe it doesnt fall into your category totally excludes it.

you ask me anything under 2500lbs just not safe.

Ha, I know what you mean, man. Funny how simplistic some people can be, huh?

Anyway, as we both know, safety's a much more sophisticated matter than just curb weight. A 1600lb tube-framed race car is worlds safer than grandpa's S-class, never mind the 1100lb, carbon-tub single-seaters, crashworthy at 200+MPH.

In any case, as an arbitrary example, how do a 60lb. stereo system, 10lbs. of window lifts and an 8lb. seat motor make somebody safer, anyway? They do the opposite - they affect the vehicle's inertia, making it that much less likely that a car will avoid a crash in the first place.

whats so great about having a really light car

:hehehe: Yeah, you're right. Just hold on, I'm gonna go put 800lbs. of lead ballast in my car, just to make it, well, you know, better. :hehehe:

the A4s not just heavier because of stereo system and stuff its just the way the cars built. And dont lie to yourself you would rather get in a crash in a little car rather than a big one

"well maybe next time you should not go into how a car over 3000 pounds is not a true race car... blah blah blah"

Sure they're race cars, they're just not as good as they could be if they were lighter. Show me a race engineer that doesn't want to make his car as light as the rules allow, and I'll show him the unemployment line.

Pretty much the only racers over 3000lbs. are American-style stock cars ("Worst handling cars I've ever driven" - Ron Fellows) and racing Big-Rigs.

These cars are meant to be driven daily, not just at the track, so obviously they are not gonna be shelled and stripped of anything un-neccesary sic.

My first car was 1750lbs, stripped. Daily driver. I've since owned a BMW and a Ford, and driven several 'upmarket' cars as well. The stripper was still my favourite, and I'll do the same for my next car. I'm also not alone.

Sure the lotus elise and other cars you mentioned are nice, but besides from turning, where else do you think those cars are gonna be able to beat a car like a Vette. There are many characteristics of being a sportscar, just because maybe it doesnt fall into your category totally excludes it.

Braking consistency, tire consistency, response, component reliability, fuel consumption. And I'm sure you realize that you're subtly attempting to sidestep the fact that the same car is faster in acceleration when it carries less weight, a point which has been pretty much understood throughout the discussion.

dont lie to yourself you would rather get in a crash in a little car rather than a big one

100% sincere statement #1: I'd rather be heading into a 'situation' in a 2000lb. car than a 3000lb. car, knowing that the lighter car will respond more closely and predictably to my inputs. I can say this because I've been there and 'driven through it.'

I understand that you probably haven't heard that too often. Fine.

100% sincere statement #2: I'd rather crash into whatever in a 1600lb. car with a proper safety cage than in pretty much any 'normal' passenger vehicle available. Benzo, SUV, whatever.

You can quote me on either point any day.

Yeup, I know a guy who crashed his Fiero into a pickup truck with no lights on. The guy in the truck had his legs crushed, and the guy in the Fiero had minor whiplash.

Safety has little to do with weight, and weight is only an advantage when hitting something that will move, like another car. If you swerve to avoid hitting a car, as most people will, and end up hitting something like a telephone pole, highway divider, the weight will really make the accident less safe.

As was demonstrated in an earlier post, braking distances are vastly increased as your speed rises. A light sports car will have a much better time braking than a heavier one will. Try putting the downforce, tires and brakes from a Ferrari 550M on an 86 and see how well it stops. A damn sight better than the Ferrari, because it's half the weight, therefore it takes half the force to stop it, and half the traction.

And for the record, I didn't say a car over 3000 lbs isn't a sports car, I said it's too heavy.

ok so maybe the A4 would be better if it was a little lighter but its not right now so does the A4s 1.8T engine make up for the extra weight?

why isn't an a4 a good car b/c of it's weight?

what do most of the imports (hondas, mitsus, toyotas) weigh in at?
*not including the civics, as they weigh about nothing

preludes are close to 3k lbs, and so are lots of cars... more than we realize... even jettas and golfs are pushing 3300...

the a4 should have quattro. great advantage. period. even if it weighs "alot" more.

don't worry about weight, worry about power. weight is important, and i'm a preacher of power to weight... but if you have a turbo... chip and exh will get you over 200 hp. not bad.

and it's easy to make the a4 a helluva a handler, and really fast... and still be heavier... you can only get rid of so much weight, as awd is heavier...

but... as stated... cf hood.. if you get a good one you can drop 40 lbs.
light rims. important stuff
go for non power seats... the stockers have to weigh 50+ lbs easy... vs. sparcos at around 20ish...

think about this stuff... it's easy to make it light...

but make it fast too... an extra 40hp can make up for the weight, b/c you have awd...

the turbo motor does weigh less than the v6 and provides more options for modding... go that route... mod the hell out of it, then figure out where to drop weight...

Yeah, weight's no problem at the drag strip if you have lotsa power. If you're only concerned with looks and drag racing, don't bother reading the rest of this post.

If you're doing track days at a road course, tho, the weight will give you problems, even if you've beefed up the suspension, brakes and tires, since your brakes will still be likely to fade (unless you've gone for a megabuck 12-inch brake setup...but then we're getting into a big question of dollars vs. brains vs. speed), your tires will probably overheat in a few laps, and turn to total garbage relatively quickly, and you'll head out twice in the day for gas instead of once at lunch. You certainly won't be able to get the feel and feedback of a car weighing under 2400lbs. With 3000+lbs of inertia, when you lose it, you're either going right off the circuit or smoking big, soft tires to shreds.

Light cars can more consistently, all day long, and with less risk...so you can drive it hard on the street with conscience, and with the money you save on fuel and tires, you can get more track time.

Heavy cars are nice, tho, since your mother will feel safer when she borrows it.

Actually, weight matters at the dragstrip. Anyone remember Hot Rod Magazine's witty and informative article "Caddy Hack"? In it, they took a 1978 Cadillac Sedan de Ville (one of the 5000 pounders with the 500ci engine) which ran 16's at the strip stock, cut it down to basically a bare frame, steering wheel, and scarp of floorpan for mounting the seat to, and ran 12's. The less weight you run, the easier it is to get off the line quickly, the faster you go.

Anyhoo, light weight is better for go. Heavyweight don't matter for show. The A4, for its size, luxury, and layout, is a lightweight. The turbo engine is quick and potent, and your Quattro will get you out of the corners quickly. Take out as much weight as you feel necessary, RacerD12, and know that you've got a good platform to work off of.

Of course, my MGB GT is an 1800lb lighweight with a torquey little 1.8L four cylinder and RWD, so I've got a flivver compared to your car. Then again, I worry about Layla becoming a collectable English pancake everytime I see a Cadillac Escalade. She's tiny, but, as far as the Parma, Ohio import scene is concerned, Layla is speed's own goddess.

now... i never said it wasn't important, and i'm not saying that anyone said i did...

but you all know what i meant. the a4 is a great platform, and could stand to lose some weight. but it's not "not a contender" b/c it's 3200 lbs.

oh, tell Layla to look out for my rude little yellow prelude... there'll be a showdown... oh yes... :licker:

Why would you want a carbon fiber hood? I just don't get this, you get a non stress bearing member, that isn't any lighter than glass, and costs signifigantly more... What's wrong with a fiberglass hood?

Great thing about German cars, they have thick sheet metal compared to Japanese cars, so there is really a lot to be gained by going to competion S4 fenders, especially since you get more room for tires.

The 1.8T has lot's of room for tuning, you can get factory upgrades under warranty for 225hp, and 400hp off warranty. Still, everything performance related comes from light weight, so drop those pounds!

You can try and keep up, flylwsi. ;) Rule Britannia! Layla OWNZ jOO!:angel:

Okay, I admit...maybe there is such a thing as dangerously light.

http://www.sportcompactcarweb.com/freestuff/wallpaper/0207scc_wallpaper01_800x600.jpg

Damn, he should put a wing on that thing, he'd be able to run 9s! :p

hmm... i know that you can spend 200 bucks on cheap, light fiberglass hood, but they are usually held on by dzus fasteners, and can be cracked easily. carbon fiber is lighter, and stronger...

for the same money for a glass hood, you get a heavier, or as heavy as a stock hood with a great looking design that's sturdy. i've had glass cowl hoods on my truck, and the cheap ones are light and flimsy, while more money equals more weight and rigidity...

if it's simply a race car, go cheaper lighter... but if you wanna drive it on the street... and be able to use the latches for your hood and not have flexing problems... go for the cf...

on the 1.8t... keep in mind that the 225 is attained with a k04 turbo, as opposed to the t3..


but it's possible to upgrade to the 180hp ecu from a 150 and what not... i know what you mean though....
a chip is worth like 50hp on that motor... crazy

whats the most HP you can get out the 1.8T

Most decent glass hoods are have enough tensile strength to use the stock hood latch, especially ones that are glass skins over a metal framework.

Yeah, the 1.8T is a beauty, it has 9.3:1 static compression, so off boost performance is good, and the boost builds quickly enough that you hardly notice lag at all :eek:

It's built with the same design philosophy that went into the 20V turbo 5 cylinder.

I know you can get 400hp fairly easily, and probably 600 or so if you got reworked internals. I'm not sure how much the stock internals are good for, you'd have to ask people on the VW forums...

Concentrate on making the car light, and then worry about power. With the parts available for the TT, you should be able to make a solid 350hp with an otherwise stock engine. Combine that with AWD and a 2900lb curb weight, and you'll cook vipers...

:coolguy: Imagining the look on the face of the guy diving the Viper:huh:

Sheesh, if you want to see what your Audi can do, just watch the Speed World Challenge GT division. The field is owned alternately by a trio of Audi A4's and a Vortech supercharged Acura NSX. They routinely dust off C5 Vettes, Porsche 911's, and BMW M3's.

Of course, the Audi's are also a quasi-factory team campaigned by Champion Audi/Porsche out of Florida, the same team that runs the only non-factory R8R in ALMS competition. One could say that they're just outspending the competition, but the A4 get's it done off the line and motors away, then holds its own through sweeping corners, and brings it to everyone coming out of hairpins. Going in is a bit messy, though, since an NSX or 911 will outbrake an A4 sedan. There's been a couple of bumps this year that had Derek Bell cursing luridly.

Yeah, it's pretty good racing... but aren't those S4s? They have the 2.5T V6 though...

Anyhow, you shouldn't have a problem with a good weight reduction program and the right drivetrain upgrades.

A nice pic for fans of German cars :D

http://www.audiworld.com/news/01/s4_racing/32.jpg

Nice pic.

Must be pretty rough for that Audi driver, seeing the leaders about to lap him...

Kidding. Really.

(I'm sure he's used to it.)

No really, I'm kidding again. I swear.

Lol... Actually, I think that was from two years ago, when the Audi managed to hold off the Corvette of John Heinricy and the Saleen of Terry Borcheller on the straight, and then managed to lose them in the twisties...

Good on him. Days like that are hard work, but pretty rewarding.

Well, at the time I said "that sucks", because I was rooting for Terry ;)

I root for the goofballs in the back of the pack running the Porsche 928S4's. Long live vintage race cars! Layla to the Speed Touring Challenge in 2006! Who'd like to see that?

I'd love to see that, dicing it up with the touring cars... :D

I'm just not seeing that many 944s in the series anymore... :(

New S4 will be released in 15 months in the US (too long, I know)

-Engine will be roughly 360hp 4.2L V8 (roughly, as it has not been tested/tuned to US EPA specs yet), basically the same engine as the S8, but with cam chain on the backside of the motor. This motor ran 371 hp with S8 exhaust/computer control, more hp than the S8 due to new cam chain design. This motor will be lighter (about 23 lbs) than our 2.7T

-Car will have all aluminuim suspension, aluminum hood, fenders and rear decklid (trunk), making the total weight roughly 3470lbs, depending on options. Car will also have ligher weight glass, and magnesium frame seats.

-Car has been tested against the current E46 M3 (surprise, right! Audi owns three E46 M3's) and is faster everywhere.This was their goal. Car does 0-100KM (0-62mph) in 4.4 seconds and and the quarter in 13 flat at approx. 105 mph. Car is said to be faster than the M3 is Nurburgring by four seconds per lap, and just plain faster everywhere. Roll on, straight line, track time.

-Front brakes are six piston bremebos currently, but this may change



Some of you know I work closely with Audi on many project, and have come out with a lot of advanced info (the importation of the S4 Avant and the S8, for example). I have friends in Audi marketing in the US and AG, and spend a good amount of time at Nurburgring and stay at the Hotel Dorint, where all the development teams stay while at the 'Ring.

You can believe me or not, but this is accurate info, I promise.

Toasty and a few others on this site can attest to my car having some experimental parts directly from Audi in Ingolstadt (tranny parts) and my having many internal friends and phone #'s at audi. Take it or leave it, but this is the truth of what's coming as of now.


sorry its so long but got that from a different site but did you hear that 3470 lbs so i guess that makes it a bad hander and track racer than your striped down car right unconvinced?

fyi on the s4... just to clarify


it's a 2.7tt motor... makes over 250hp...

and.... www.awe-tuning.com has one pushing out 515hp on stock internals... stock heads, everything... just uprated fuel and turbos and new ecu...

you can get over 400hp easy out of the 1.8t...

Audi has always compensated for heavy cars with excellent drivetrain. Audi was the first auto maker to make full use of modern technology in a turbocharged engine.

By starting with a free breathing 2.2 liter 5 cyldinder, they managed to make an amazingly potent turbocharged engine, with incredible low end torque, 258 ftlbs at 1950rpm, and similar torque through4500rpm.

The way they did this was through high static compression, 9.3:1 in this case(same as 1.8t and S4 V6), twin knock sensors(same as 1.8t and S4 V6), and an adaptive Motronic ECU that eliminates detonation, can differentiate between grades of fuel and adjust it's boost/ignition accordingly, and allows for a 15 lbs of boost.

Although on paper this engine only makes 230hp, coupled with Quattro AWD, it was enough to move a 3700 lb S4 to 60mph in 5.5 seconds in a Car & Driver test.

The lesson? The secret to awesome low end torque and reducing turbo lag to nothing is simple, high static compression and a knock sensor to allow the engine to perform at 100%.

-Car will have all aluminuim suspension, aluminum hood, fenders and rear decklid (trunk), making the total weight roughly 3470lbs, depending on options. Car will also have ligher weight glass, and magnesium frame seats.

Good for when the rulebooks don't allow replacement body panels. Well done, Audi.