internal engine damage

Does a vacuum leak can lead to an piston rod break? Or/and to a crankshaft bearing?
I know that a vacuum leak can lead to piston ring damage. Just want to know if it can be more severe.

No, generally a vacuum leak cannot contribute to the problems you mention.

They are related to oil system failures (bearings ) and abuse/overrevving/faulty parts and design (connector rod)

A leak could lead to a lean condition in certain vehicles. But that would eventually cause piston or head gasket damage.